1. – Th. M. De Boer, 2004 ‘De fictie van een neutraal conflictenrecht’, in: R. Kotting & Th. M. De Boer (eds.), Voorkeur voor de lex fori, Deventer: Kluwer 2004,, p. 208 and 228. ↑

    1. – Article 29 CMR, Article 22(6) MC and Articles 21(1), 22(1) and (4) WC (HP 1955/MP4). ↑

    1. – See for instance Article 33(4) MC and Article 28(2) WC (Hague 1955/MP4). Courts applying the rules of private international law generally display a preference for the lex fori. De Boer Ibid, p. 209-210. ↑

    1. – Dicey & Morris 2006, Dicey and Morris on the conflict of laws, London: Sweet & Maxwell 2006, p. 177; Carruthers 2004, p. 691. Rb Rotterdam 19 May 2004, S&S 2005, 64. ↑

    1. – G. Rennert, 2005 ‘Is elimination of forum shopping by means of international uniform law an ‘impossible mission’?’, MqJBL ۲۰۰۵,, p. 119; Ferrari ICLQ 2002, p. 694-697; Firsching &Von Hoffmann 1997, p. 11. ↑

    1. – Rb Rotterdam 19 May 2004, S&S 2005, 64; BGH 27 June 1984, NJW 1985, 552. See also Briggs 2008, p. 37; Dicey & Morris 2006, p. 177; Firsching & Von Hoffmann 1997, p. 63. ↑

    1. – Mostermans 1996, p. 21; Frohn 1999, p. 76; Fischer 1999, p. 262. Nevertheless, the Dutch judiciary has found various techniques to circumvent this obligation, especially in maritime cases. H. Boonk, 2009 ‘De betekenis van Rome I voor het zeevervoer’, TVR 2009, p. 102. ↑

    1. – According to the Dutch Hoge Raad (HR 16 June 1961, S&S 1964, 40 and NJ 1963, 520). Boonk op.cit, p. 25-32. This approach is also applied by courts in Germany, see for instance OLG Stuttgart 1 July 2009, TranspR 2009, p. 309-315. ↑

    1. – P.M.M. Mostermans, 1996, De processuele behandeling van het conflictenrecht (diss. Amsterdam UvA), Amsterdam 1996, p. 22. ↑

    1. – Boonk Ibid, p. 195; Frohn 1999 ▪ E. N. Frohn, ‘Toepassing van buitenlands recht door de Nederlandse jurist’, in: P. Vlas (ed.), Globalisering van het IPR in de 21e eeuw, Deventer: Kluwer 1999,, p. 77. ↑

    1. – Ibid. ↑

    1. – R. Fentiman, 1998, Foreign Law in English Courts, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1998, p. 5. F.K. Juenger, 1998 ‘Two European Conflicts Conventions’, VUWLR ۱۹۹۸,, p. 536-537. ↑

    1. – Juenger op.cit., p. 528. ↑

    1. – Mostermans op.cit, p. 23 fn. 14. ↑

    1. – De Boer op.cit, p. 316 et seq. ↑

    1. – Dicey & Morris 2006 , Dicey and Morris on the conflict of laws, London: Sweetn & Maxwell 2006, p. 256-269. ↑

    1. – Sayers v International Drilling Company N.V., [1971] 3 All ER 163. Mostermans 1996, p. 27. Dicey & Morris op.cit., p. 257. ↑

    1. – Dicey & Morris 2006, p. 255. ↑

    1. – Owners of Cargo on Board the Morviken v Owners of the Hollandia, [1983] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 1 (Hollandia and Morviken). ↑

    1. – In Owusu v Jackson (trading as Villa Holidays Bal-Inn Villas) and others (ECJ Case C-281/02, [2005] 2 All ER (Comm) 577, 1 March 2005). ↑

    1. – Ibid. ↑

    1. – Ibid. ↑

    1. – icey & Morris op.cit, p. 259. ↑

    1. – Giuliano & Lagarde op.cit, Article 4, No. 5. ↑

    1. – BGH 29 June 2006, TranspR 2006, p. 466-468; BGH 3 November 2005, TranspR 2006, p. 35-37; OLG Dresden 14 March 2002, TranspR 2002, 246; OLG Celle 24 October 2002, TranspR 2003, p. 253-255; Rb Rotterdam 3 May 2006, S&S 2007, 114; Mankowski ‘Transportverträge’ ۲۰۰۴, p. 1219, No. 1673; Koller 2007, p. 700, § ۴۵۲ HGB, No. 1a. ↑

    1. – OLG Köln 18 May 2004, TranspR 2005, p. 263-265. See also Rb Rotterdam 3 May 2006, S&S 2007, 114. ↑

    1. – دادگاه عالی منطقه‌ای ↑

    1. – See Chapter 2, Section 2.2.4 ↑

    1. – Rb Rotterdam 2 January 1976, S&S 1977, 66; Rb Rotterdam 19 March 1998, S&S 1999, 42. See also Giuliano & Lagarde 1980, Article 4, No. 5 and Chapter 1, Section 1.2.1 on subcontracted carriage. ↑

    1. – instance F. G. M. Smeele, Passieve legitimatie uit cognossement (diss. Rotterdam), Rotterdam 1998. ↑

    1. – Rb Rotterdam 18 July 1996, S&S 1997, 51. ↑

    1. – Dicey & Morris op.cit, p. 1773. ↑

    1. – See Rb Rotterdam 18 July 1996, S&S 1996, 113. ↑

    1. – Dicey , Morris ↑

    1. – Dicey & Morris 2006 ▪ L. Collins et al. (eds.), Dicey and Morris on the conflict of laws, London: Sweet & Maxwell 2006, p. 1774-1775. ↑

    1. – Boonk op.cit, p. 189. ↑

    1. – Giuliano & Lagarde op.cit, Article 4, No. 5. ↑

    1. – Dicey & Morris Ibid, p. 1773; Hartenstein op.cit, p. 11. ↑

    1. – Monrovia ↑

    1. – Liberia ↑

    1. – Boonk op.cit, p. 189. ↑

    1. – Article 28 WC and Article 33 MC. ↑

    1. – Giemulla , Schmid ↑

    1. – Dettling-Ott 2006, Article 28 WC, No. 11. See also Owners of Cargo Lately Laden on Board the Rewia v Caribbean Liners (Caribtainer) Ltd., [1991] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 325 (Rewia). ↑

    1. – Official Journal of the European Union C 115/47. Article 54 TEC was Article 48 TEC before consolidation. ↑

    1. – Dicey & Morris op.cit, p. 1773. ↑

    1. – Giuliano & Lagarde op.cit, Article 4, No. 5. ↑

    1. – Basedow TVR op.cit, p. 107 and Basedow op.cit, p. 32 Van Beelen op.cit, p. 99-116. ↑

    1. – Hague- visby ↑

    1. – Carmack ↑

    1. – The last sentence of Article 4(1) RC reads: “Nevertheless, a severable part of the contract which has a closer connection with another country may by way of exception be governed by the law of that other country.” ↑

    1. – LG Hamburg 9 August 2002, TranspR 2003, p. 209-211; OLG Hamburg 16 May 2002, TranspR 2002, p. 355357; OLG Köln 30 July 2002, TranspR 2003, p. 116-119; Rb Rotterdam 3 May 2006, S&S 2007, 114; Hof Amsterdam 2 August 2007, S&S 2008, 114 (Leliegracht); Rb Haarlem 22 May 2001, S&S 2002, 42 et cetera. See also Van Beelen 1998, p. 333-345 at p. 337. ↑

    1. – Hof Arnhem 5 August 2003, S&S 2004, 80. ↑

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